to keep this from going any more off topic in the canner thread, I ONLY follow canning recommendations from the USDA. I repeat, I do not make up my canning procedures, I follow USDA canning recommendations. I have the blessings of extension specialists for my canning procedures. I used to teach canning for the extension service. I have a life time certificate in safe food handling techniques from the Ohio Department of Health. I ONLY follow USDA procedures.