TheGoodFood
Assistant Cook
Maybe some people don't know this, but Primroses (flowers, leaves and stems) are great for an omelet.
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Primrose omelette
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msmofet
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Kathleen
Cupcake
Welcome to the forum! Do you grow your primroses?
OP
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TheGoodFood
Assistant Cook
They grow by themselves in my garden, every year and this season there are many of them. This year they are white and yellow. The other year they were more purple. A few years ago I started eating them. I am still alive...
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TheGoodFood
Assistant Cook
Hi Katy, happy to meet you!
Certainly, flowers, stem and leaves.! As I wrote in the previous message...I am still alive! Joking aside, if they are in your garden and you have not sprayed insecticides or other harmful chemical compounds, primroses are edible.
Primrose is an important medicinal plant with documented use for the treatment of gout, headaches, and migraines (1) dating back to the Middle Ages. Triterpene saponins from roots and flowers are used in phytotherapeutic treatments (2) against bronchitis and colds.
Thanks for the link, but Wikipedia includes scientific studies without the Abstract. I, on the other hand, prefer to post the Abstract when I write scientific reviews. It is more didactic.
I'll stop here now...I've written too much and I don't want anyone to fall asleep while reading me (however, it would be a good cure for insomnia
)
References_______________________________________________________________
(1) Apel L, Kammerer DR, Stintzing FC, Spring O. Comparative Metabolite Profiling of Triterpenoid Saponins and Flavonoids in Flower Color Mutations of Primula veris
Int J Mol Sci. 2017 Jan 13;18(1). pii: E153. doi: 10.3390/ijms18010153.
Abstract. Primula veris L. is an important medicinal plant with documented use for the treatment of gout, headache and migraine reaching back to the Middle Ages. Triterpenoid saponins from roots and flowers are used in up-to-date phytotherapeutic treatment of bronchitis and colds due to their expectorant and secretolytic effects. In addition to the wild type plants with yellow petals, a red variant and an intermediate orange form of Primula veris L. have recently been found in a natural habitat. The secondary metabolite profiles of roots, leaves and flowers of these rare variants were investigated and compared with the wild type metabolome. Two flavonoids, six flavonoid glycosides, four novel methylated flavonoid glycosides, five anthocyanins and three triterpenoid saponins were identified in alcoholic extracts from the petals, leaves and roots of the three variants by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC)-diode array detection (DAD)/mass spectrometry (MSn) analyses. Anthocyanins were detected in the petals of the red and orange variety, but not in the wild type. No other effects on the metabolite profiles of the three varieties have been observed. The possibility is discussed that a regulatory step of the anthocyanin biosynthetic pathway may have been affected by mutation thus triggering color polymorphism in the petals.
(2) Graikou K, Mpishinioti A, Tsafantakis N, Maloupa E, Grigoriadou K, Chinou I. Comparative Phytochemical Analyses of Flowers from Primula veris subsp. veris Growing Wild and from Ex Situ Cultivation in Greece. Foods. 2023 Jul 6;12(13):2623. doi: 10.3390/foods12132623. PMID: 37444361; PMCID: PMC10341331.
Abstract. In the last decades, Primula veris subsp. veris (roots and flowers) has been over harvested through legal and illegal ways in Greece, due to its extremely high commercial demand, as it is used in industry because of its well-known therapeutic properties. As ex situ cultures of the plant have been already developed, in the current comparative study, the herbal teas (infusions) from both flowers of cowslip growing wild in the Prespa Lake Park (NW Greece), and from ex situ propagated and cultivated plant material, have been investigated, with the ultimate goal of assessing them qualitatively. Furthermore, through classic phytochemical studies, the ten most abundant metabolites, belonging to the chemical categories of flavonol-glycosides and methoxy flavones, have been identified and structurally determined. The chemical profile of both infusions has been further analyzed through UHPLC-HRMS, showing that they show only light differences. The total phenolic content (TPC) of both studied samples (wild and ex situ cultivation), was determined by the Folin-Ciocalteau method, followed by an antioxidant activity assay though DPPH where, in both cases, wild plants exerted higher phenolic load and stronger antioxidative properties. According to the reported results, it could be proposed that the ex situ cultivated plant material could facilitate the mass production of plants and the sustainable cultivation of cowslip in the Greek mountains.
Certainly, flowers, stem and leaves.! As I wrote in the previous message...I am still alive! Joking aside, if they are in your garden and you have not sprayed insecticides or other harmful chemical compounds, primroses are edible.
Primrose is an important medicinal plant with documented use for the treatment of gout, headaches, and migraines (1) dating back to the Middle Ages. Triterpene saponins from roots and flowers are used in phytotherapeutic treatments (2) against bronchitis and colds.
Thanks for the link, but Wikipedia includes scientific studies without the Abstract. I, on the other hand, prefer to post the Abstract when I write scientific reviews. It is more didactic.
I'll stop here now...I've written too much and I don't want anyone to fall asleep while reading me (however, it would be a good cure for insomnia
)References_______________________________________________________________
(1) Apel L, Kammerer DR, Stintzing FC, Spring O. Comparative Metabolite Profiling of Triterpenoid Saponins and Flavonoids in Flower Color Mutations of Primula veris
Int J Mol Sci. 2017 Jan 13;18(1). pii: E153. doi: 10.3390/ijms18010153.
Abstract. Primula veris L. is an important medicinal plant with documented use for the treatment of gout, headache and migraine reaching back to the Middle Ages. Triterpenoid saponins from roots and flowers are used in up-to-date phytotherapeutic treatment of bronchitis and colds due to their expectorant and secretolytic effects. In addition to the wild type plants with yellow petals, a red variant and an intermediate orange form of Primula veris L. have recently been found in a natural habitat. The secondary metabolite profiles of roots, leaves and flowers of these rare variants were investigated and compared with the wild type metabolome. Two flavonoids, six flavonoid glycosides, four novel methylated flavonoid glycosides, five anthocyanins and three triterpenoid saponins were identified in alcoholic extracts from the petals, leaves and roots of the three variants by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC)-diode array detection (DAD)/mass spectrometry (MSn) analyses. Anthocyanins were detected in the petals of the red and orange variety, but not in the wild type. No other effects on the metabolite profiles of the three varieties have been observed. The possibility is discussed that a regulatory step of the anthocyanin biosynthetic pathway may have been affected by mutation thus triggering color polymorphism in the petals.
(2) Graikou K, Mpishinioti A, Tsafantakis N, Maloupa E, Grigoriadou K, Chinou I. Comparative Phytochemical Analyses of Flowers from Primula veris subsp. veris Growing Wild and from Ex Situ Cultivation in Greece. Foods. 2023 Jul 6;12(13):2623. doi: 10.3390/foods12132623. PMID: 37444361; PMCID: PMC10341331.
Abstract. In the last decades, Primula veris subsp. veris (roots and flowers) has been over harvested through legal and illegal ways in Greece, due to its extremely high commercial demand, as it is used in industry because of its well-known therapeutic properties. As ex situ cultures of the plant have been already developed, in the current comparative study, the herbal teas (infusions) from both flowers of cowslip growing wild in the Prespa Lake Park (NW Greece), and from ex situ propagated and cultivated plant material, have been investigated, with the ultimate goal of assessing them qualitatively. Furthermore, through classic phytochemical studies, the ten most abundant metabolites, belonging to the chemical categories of flavonol-glycosides and methoxy flavones, have been identified and structurally determined. The chemical profile of both infusions has been further analyzed through UHPLC-HRMS, showing that they show only light differences. The total phenolic content (TPC) of both studied samples (wild and ex situ cultivation), was determined by the Folin-Ciocalteau method, followed by an antioxidant activity assay though DPPH where, in both cases, wild plants exerted higher phenolic load and stronger antioxidative properties. According to the reported results, it could be proposed that the ex situ cultivated plant material could facilitate the mass production of plants and the sustainable cultivation of cowslip in the Greek mountains.
